Deterioration of economic conditions affect childrens ability

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2327 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Critically discuss the evidence underlying the claim that the deterioration of economic conditions that usually results from family disruption is the major explanation for the lower ability and achievement of children in disrupted families. This paper considers whether, and to what extent, the deteriorated economic situations caused through family disruptions and economic deprivations are the main reasons for childrens lower competences and attainments. Firstly, the association between disrupted family and economic circumstances are considered in line with some recent economic theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Deterioration of economic conditions affect childrens ability | Economics Dissertations" essay for you Create order Secondly, the reasons why economic circumstances arising from family disruptions are identified as being the foremost predictors for lower ability and attainment of children in disrupted families. This claim is examined. In addition, issues within previous studies are then investigated. Lastly, the implications for enhancing childrens outcomes regarding this issue are also discussed. How family disruptions are linked to deteriorated economic conditions Due to a dramatic change of family structure in modern societies, questions about the impact of family disruptions (e.g. separation/divorce, step-parenting, remarriage) on economic conditions, measured by home ownership, income and size of the residence, have appeared to be increasingly significant. There have been a number of studies explaining the relationship between disruptions in family life and economic circumstances. Numerous longitudinal and cross sectional research reveals that disruptive events in families cause economic disadvantage (e.g. Amato, 2000; Duncan, Yeung, Brooks-Gunn and Smith, 1998). Divorced individuals typically have greater economic deprivation than married individuals (Marks, 1996; Ross, 1995). Researchers have reported that women are likely to have more serious problems with economic consequences in comparison with men (e.g. Holden and Smock, 1991; Ross, 1995; Smock 1994) and that lone mothers are considered to be in the poorest situations after separation or divorce (Ram and Hou, 2003). For example, the longitudinal study of Bianchi, Subaiya and Kahn (1999); focusing on the gender gap in economic well-being among the couples with children after family disruptions in the United States, found that there was a 36% decline in living standard of custodial mothers, whilst noncustodial fathers experienced a 28% increase. It can be seen that in general, mothers post-divorced standards of living was merely a half that of the fathers. Moreover, to compare with divorced men or married women, lone mothers tend to have more monetary problems over longer period. Amato (2000) explains this incidence that women, compared with men, have more interrupted work histories prior to divorce, experience greater workfamily conflict (due to their responsibility for children), and are more likely to experience employment and wage discrimination (p.1277). However, the deleterious economic conditions can be relieved in step-parent families (Amato, 2000) Why is economic deprivation from family disruptions claimed to be the major predictors for low outcomes of children? Over the last few decades, researchers have focused attention on the economic consequences of changes in family structure, identifying family disruptions as key causal explanations for lower childrens outcomes. It has been found that the deterioration of economic conditions, caused by disruptive events in the family such as single-parenting and divorce are greatly related to negative outcomes among children (Pearson and Thoennes, 1990; Bronstein, Stoll, Clauson, Abrams and Briones, 1994; McLanahan and Sandefur, 1994; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, Yeung and Smith, 1998; Gue, 1998; Amato, 2000; Ram and Hou, 2003). Household income is often considered to be significant in explaining childrens outcomes (Mulkey, Crain, Harrington, 1992). Congruent with the explanation of Haveman and Wolfe (1995) The income level of the family in which a child grows up is perhaps the best measure of the level of economic resources devoted to the child by the parents, and is often included in the studies of childrens educational attainment (p. 1855). It is well known that different types of family have different effects on childrens ability and outcomes due to their differing economic situations (Schneider et al., 2005). Intact families usually have more income than single-parent families, and this advantage becomes a part of developing childrens educational outcomes (McLeod and Shanahan, 1993; Duncan et al., 1998; Schneider, Atteberry, Owens, 2005). On the other hand, children from single parent-households have more limitations in economic resources in comparison with children from intact families. Single parents, particularly lone mothers often spend more time outside of the home to compensate for the economic loss due to separation or divorce. This is likely to affect childrens ability and academic outcomes because of reducing time for involvement with their children. Parents who have lower incomes due to a separation or divorce are less able to provide their children with material resources such as school equipment, computers and extra lessons (Ross, 2005) Negative impacts on academic achievement of children related to living in separated families, often results from reduced provision of economic resources. Boggges (1998) has suggested that there are few effects on childrens academic performance when the economic status is controlled in research, achievement were found. However, persistent negative effects on graduation rates were found. In addition, Schneider et al. (2005) argues that although step-parenting families (non-traditional families) are often more advantaged in economic resources, the outcomes of the children remain lower than the outcomes of children from traditional families. This is because step parents may not provide step children with the resources like they might towards their biological children (Schneider et al., 2005). Ram and Hou (2003) similarly propose that children in step families are no different from those raised in lone-parent families in a number of spheres, including cognitive skills, hyperactivity, and indirect aggression, even after economic condition and familial resource variables when held constant (p. 326). This is commonly compatible with the studies of some researchers who found children from step families less well performing in school and exhibiting more emotional and behavioural difficulties (Coleman, Ganong, and Fine, 2000; Hanson, McLanahan, and Thomson, 1997; McLanahan and Sanderfur, 1994; McMunn, Nazroo., Marmot, Boreham and Goodman, 2001) In addition, children who live with other types of two-parent households, such as with grandparents or relatives, are also likely to have more disadvantages than children living in intact households, and the same or lower level than children in lone-parent households (Chase-Lansdale, Brooks-Gunn and Zamsky, 1994). According to Downey (1994), although children in lone-mother families often lack economic resources, some children in lone-father families have problems with a deficiency of interpersonal resources such as involvement in childrens tasks. He also suggests that childrens outcomes in both types of family are roughly equal (Downey, 1994). Moreover, it was found that children who live with the same gender or opposite gender parents slightly differ in outcomes. While economic situations have often been considered as the most significant factors in explaining childrens outcomes of the disruptive families, the study of Kerr and Beaujot (2001) investigating Canadian children found that there are low income is less important than other factors such as the function of family, number of children in households, educational level and age of the parents. Similarly, Mulkey et al (1992) argue that economic conditions are not a significant mediator between lone-parent families and the low attainment of children. They also state that living in lone-mother households is not more detrimental than living in lone-father families, and income is not the major issue explaining the relationship between family structure and childrens academic performance. Problems with the studies The findings of some studies have been ambiguous when indicating the association between family structure changes and childrens outcomes. For example, do deteriorated economic conditions in disruptive families often affect the childs educational outcomes? Or do children with lower ability or lower attainments usually come from families with monetary problems? In addition, the prior problems before parental divorce or separation are often neglected. According to longitudinal research by Ram and Hou (2003) children of several disruptive families were already registering academic difficulties. Second, there is little specific mention regarding the time within the lifecycle of the child of the deteriorated economic situations. Duncan et al. (1998) suggest that the economic situations amongst children in the early years have the most influential impact on attainment, especially among children in low-income families (Cherlin, Chase-Lansdale and McRae, 1998; Duncan et al., 1998; Amato and Sobolewski, 2001). This should be different from the findings derived from adolescents. Therefore, a clearer specification of period when economic deprivation takes place should be inserted. Third, the comparisons of income across different types of households are ambiguous. There is an unclear distinction between the income before disruptions and the income after disruptions. For example, some families may have financial problems before disruptions. Furthermore, the stability of income also should be considered because earning cycles in each family differ, and may vary across the year. Lastly, it can be seen that ethical considerations are not adequately addressed in a number of studies even though the research touches upon highly sensitive areas of family life and predictions of childrens achievement. Such matters are usually quite confidential and the complicated relationship that might negatively affect the subjects, so the reader needs to know how the data for the research was gathered and in what conditions. For example, the protection and welfare of the participants, the use of deception, confidentiality and the anonymity of data are issues that should have been addressed and considered more fully in order that subsequent research operates within accepted ethical boundaries. Implications Public policy Public policy should be more focused on the welfare of single-parent families, particularly lone-mothers. As several studies have reported, single-mothers or custodial mothers are more likely to have more financial problems than any other types of family (e.g. Holden and Smock, 1991; Ross, 1995; Smock 1994). After disruptions, they have to spend more time outside of the home in order to earn money to compensate for the loss of family income. This association in single-parent families seems to be unrelieved until re-marriage happens. In addition, if income can be considered as a significant factor in predicting childrens later achievement, it also acts as the resource to provide the means for their progression. One implication of these findings is the need for critical considerations about higher pay for women and income support programmes, in particular, for single mothers who have to bring up their children on their own to assist them cope with problems derived from economic depriva tion after disruptions. Also, more extensive child care and support should be provided in order to meet the needs of these children. Schools Teachers should be more deliberately concerned with their reactions and behaviour to children from lower income families. Some teachers tend to react to such children differently due to their economic backgrounds (Mulkey et al., 1992). In addition, the understanding of misbehaviour of the student is important. Some inappropriate behaviours of students in classrooms may occur due to depression or bereavement from disruptive events in their family. Therefore, whenever the behavioural problems of students appear, instead of focusing on them only, teachers should consider the contexts of students such as family backgrounds in order to prevent misunderstanding as well as find the way to assist and support children. Furthermore, teachers in schools should have more concern and care about their own behaviours as a role model for all students because the students, especially the children in their early years tend to observe and replicate teachers behaviours. Parents Parents are the individuals who are likely to be the most influential role models for childrens lives. A careful family plan may be one strategy to ensure stability for the child. The home environment should also be considered because it is a significant source of learning. The quality of the home environment its opportunities for learning, the warmth of mother-child interactions, and the physical condition of the home accounts for a substantial portion of the powerful effects of family income on cognitive outcomes (Duncan et al., 1998, p.209). Furthermore, having a stable level of income is important because low and unstable income leads to economic pressures that may cause conflict between partners experiencing serious financial issues (Conger et al., 1993). The income level of the family is a powerful predictor of the economic pressure that has both direct and indirect impacts on childrens achievement (Duncan et al, 1998). Conflicting or disruptive events in the families can als o be traumatising events for children. Parents should avoid using force and presenting unpleasant behaviours at home and in front of the children, because it may be the cause of later aggressive behaviours from children. Conclusion It appears in several studies that economic conditions are the significant explanations for the association between family structure and childrens achievement. The diminution of material resources due to deteriorated economic conditions, which often derive from disruptive events in families, has significant impacts on educational outcomes of children (Ram and Hou, 2003). In several studies, when income is restricted, children in disrupted families tend to have lower attainments than children in intact or non-divorced families. Research reports that the majority of children in intact families are at an academic and social advantage in comparison with children in non-intact families. A childs achievement generally depends on the economic resources that are given by parents, children who live in an intact family tend to have high attainments. This is because lone-parents have less income and have less time to be involved in household activities such as helping children to do their homework. This leads to the lower outcomes of children. Children who grow up in lone-mother families tend to have the lowest attainments in comparison with growing in other types of families. In addition, although children who live with step families have opportunities to have more economic resources than those who live with single-parent families, the researchers state that there is no difference between the educational outcomes of children in lone families and the child outcomes in step-parenting families (Coleman et al, 2001; Hen son et al, 1997; Ram and Hou, 2003). It might therefore be concluded that the deterioration of economic circumstances after separation or divorce may explain part, but by no means all, of the lower outcomes among children who have experienced parental disruptions.

Beauty Vs Brains Women s Suffrage - 1233 Words

Diana Gil Bueno March 1st, 2016 English 110 Beauty vs Brains In the last 100 years since the woman’s suffrage movement took off, the United States has made tremendous changes toward gender equality. In that time, this country has gone from fighting for women’s right to vote to having a female candidate being a frontrunner in the race for the White House. Although women have made great strides in trying to attain equal and fair treatment, women are sadly still valued more for their appearance rather than their intellect in comparison to their male counterparts. This starts off at infancy through the toys we are given as we grow up. Boys are given toys such as Legos, Tonka trucks, and superhero action figures. Theses toys are centered around creativeness and safeguarding such as building a house from scratch, or saving the poor damsel in distress. The ads for these toys feature only boys recklessly running around or dabbling their curiosity, as well as valuing competition and control. Simultaneously, girls are giv en Barbies, makeup, kitchen sets, and baby dolls. While boy toys encourage boys to use their imaginations and to role play their dream jobs; such as doctors, police officers, CIA agents, etc. girl toys continually and increasingly enforce the housewife role for women and convey how the ideal woman must look. In the YouTube video, â€Å"Toy ads and Learning Gender†, creator and host of Feminist Frequency, BA in Communication, and MA in social and political thought,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Movement Of The United States1438 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities between female and male, or women and men. In general, men usually have different responsibilities and duties as women. From history to modern time, the differences between women and men has changed a lot. It’s nearly 70 years ago, that fight for women’s suffrage began in the United States. The Women’s Movement is a movement to combat sexual discrimination and to gain full legal, economic, vocational, edu cational and social rights and opportunities for women, equal to those of men. One of theRead MoreHow Has Feminism Developed? America, And How Have These Developments Changed Its Public Perception? Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesqualifies as injustice against women? What is the most effective method of bringing about social change? To better understand these questions, some scholars classify feminism into several â€Å"waves†, representing the main goals of feminists relative to the time period. The first wave begins with the activism for basic political rights spanning from the 19th to early 20th century. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunity for women, particularly focusing on suffrage. Some classify this waveRead MoreIs The World Getting Better Or Worse? Essay2215 Words   |  9 PagesSchool s Behavioural Science Group: Loss aversion is when we tend to focus much more on losses instead of gains,† said Professor Chater. â€Å"So losing  £10 is much more negative than gaining  £10 is positive. As our lives progress, while some things change for the better and some change for the worse, loss aversion means that we pay much more attention to the bad things. So overall, we think life is getting worse. I believe the declinism propaganda is spread to keep us living in fear.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The beauty of declinismRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand implement a well-defined system of rewards and punishments to control employees. THEORY Y Employees are not inherently lazy. Given the chance, employees will do what is good for the organization. To allow employees to work in the organization s interest, managers must create a work setting that provides opportunities for workers to exercise initiative and self-direction. Managers should decentralize authority to employees and make sure employees have the resources necessary to achieve organizational

Argumentative Against Death Penalty Free Essays

Abolishment of Capital Punishment Capital punishment should be abolished for the following reasons. 1) It violates the Eight Amendment of the use of cruel and unusual punishment, for which the Supreme Court has vacillated. 2) It is a form of premeditated murder. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Against Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3) It promotes racism. 4) It can be administered to innocent individuals through tainted evidence. 5) The death penalty does not deter criminals from committing violent crimes. The death penalty is a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violates citizen’s Eighth Amendment which has forced the Supreme Court to step in and evaluate this form of punishment. The death penalty has not always been practiced in the United States; however, there have been about 13,000 people who have been legally executed since colonial times. In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penalty. However, in 1976 another Supreme Court found capital punishment to be Constitutional (White 1). One must wonder why they made this decision. In 2007 the court put executions across the country on hold for eight months while it examined whether lethal injection, the most common means of executing prisoners, violated the Eight Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Lacayo). How can they not see this form of punishment as cruel and unusual? Individuals are killed by electricity seeping through their bodies, or drugs that cause their organs to shut down one at a time. It’s difficult to unerstand what the government perceives as cruel and unusual punishment. Maybe to them this would mean lining individuals up and killing them at point blank range. What could be crueler than strapping individuals to a chair and sending electricity through their bodies essentially cooking their insides, or putting a lethal dose of drugs into their body that causes organ failure. The method of taking another human’s life is cruel no matter how it is achieved. This gives too much power to individuals in society. The death penalty is a form of premeditated murder. According to dictionary. com, murder is the killing or slaughter of an individual inhumanely or barbarously. What gives the state or normal everyday citizens the right to determine whether or not an individual lives or dies? This is essentially doing what the criminal did and justifying it by hiding behind the law. Murder is murder whether it is committed by the drug dealer on the street or y the executioner who administers the lethal dose of medication into the inmate’s veins. Some individuals feel that the death penalty gives way to racism and class oppression. African Americans and Latinos represent the majority of inmates on death row. Because of this, executions are exclusively for the poor. Ninety percent of those awaiting execution cannot afford to hire a competent trial attorney (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty,†). Too often those convicted are unable to afford a dream defense team and must settle for court appointed attorneys. These attorneys are often overworked and underpaid. In many cases the appointed attorney has little at stake regardless of the outcome. The biggest problem with the use of the death penalty is that often innocent individuals are sentenced to this heinous form of punishment. There are a staggering number of cases where individuals have been wrongfully convicted. Over the past few years, there have been several stories of individuals who have been convicted of horrific crimes and been sentenced to death only to be freed years later by DNA evidence. Here is a prime example of one of those individuals. Earl Washington spent almost ten years on Virginia’s death row. He was exonerated by DNA evidence and pardoned by the governor. The same DNA test that cleared Earl, implicated a known serial rapist, yet law enforcement and prosecution continue to claim Earl guilty, apparently believing that Earl raped the victim leaving another man’s sperm. Nationwide over 100 condemned Americans have been exonerated since 1976 and walked off death row as free men (Ballard). Even though we have come a long way with DNA there will always be police officers who are pressured to solve cases too fast. Some may use whatever tools are necessary including planting evidence or falsifying documents to establish guilt. As with the case above most police officers, as well as district attorneys, do not want to admit when they are wrong, even if it spares the life of an innocent human. It is heard time and time again that capital punishment helps to deter similar crimes. Evidence does not support this claim. Representative Maxine Waters stated that she does not believe you deter the taking of lives by others by having a death penalty. She went on to say that in the final analysis it does not work fairly if there’s any such thing as being fair about killing people (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty†) Society tends to follow the trends and mindset of those around them. They often feel that since the Supreme Court has upheld the death penalty, it does not violate the rights of those citizens who have been tried and convicted of crimes that warrant this type of punishment. They presume that justice is being carried out in accordance with the laws that the United States government has set forth. Then there are those who feel the death penalty is an appropriate means of punishing individuals who commit heinous crimes. Many people often refer to this biblical verse, â€Å"Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand and foot for foot† (King James Version, Exodus 20:28). Too often they feel that this gives them the right to take justice into their own hands. Some individuals feel as though criminals should die by execution if the crime fits the punishment. Talk show host Larry Elder stated that society has the right to judge who lives and who dies. He says â€Å"criminals have made the ultimate sin against society and society is making a moral statement about your conduct† (Ballard, 2003). People who support the death penalty laugh at the notion that they are promoting racism. Statistics about race indicate that 90% of crimes are committed against whites. The study also stated that African Americans committed 7. 5 times more violent than whites (Sheehan, 1995). The conclusion is drawn that they are not targeting race as a factor when handing out death penalties, they are punishing the perpetrator of the crime without taking the race of the individual into factor. The fact that innocent people are placed on death row has not deterred judges from handing down this punishment. Many do not discount the fact that several people have been placed on death row only to be exonerated. The justice system allows every individual convicted of a crime so many appeals before the sentence is carried out. To the supporters of the death penalty this allows those wrongfully convicted the opportunity to produce evidence that will exonerate themselves. Supporters of the death penalty feel as though this helps to deter other criminals from committing the same act. According to a dozen studies, execution saves lives. The study stated that for each inmate executed three to eighteen murders are prevented (Liptak, 2007). Two law professors from Harvard also agree that the evidence of deterrent effect from capital punishment seems impressive. They seem to agree that capital punishment will save lives. After examining the information available for both the supporters and the non-supporters of capital punishment, it is clearly evident that capital punishment should be abolished. This form of unishment is cruel and unusual. It also allows our peers to commit murder by standing behind the law, which is no different than the criminals that are being put to death. Too often this form of punishment is passed down to innocent individuals who spend years trying to clear their name, and often do not get the chance to do so. Furthermore, there is not enough evidence to support that the death penalty deters other criminals. After all, there are better ways tha t tax money could be spent on individuals who commit crimes against society. The question that the government needs to ask themselves is if this form of punishment is worth the cost of innocent life that comes with it. Works Cited â€Å"Another Reason to Abolish the Death Penalty. † Workers. com. 2009. 11 Mar. 2013. htpp://www. workers. org/2009/editorials/death_penal. Ballard, Scotty . www. findarticles. com. 2003. 11 Mar. 2013. http://findarticles. com/p/ariticles. Lacayo, Richard . â€Å"The Tide Shifts Against the Death Penalty. † www. time. com. 3 Feb. 2009. 12 Mar. 2013. http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,187. Liptak, Adam . â€Å"Does Death Penalty Save Lives? A New Debate. † The New York Times. 18 Nov. 2007. 12 Mar. 2013. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/11/18/us/18deter. html? . Sheenan, Paul . â€Å"The Race War of Blacks Against Whites. † heretical. com. 20 May. 1995. 11 Mar. 2013. http://www. heretical. com/miscella/sheehan. html. The Holy Bible, King James Version. New York: Oxford Edition: 1769; King James Bible Online, 2008. http://www. kingjamesbibleonline. org/. White, Deborah . â€Å"Pros and Cons of Death Penalty and Capital Punishment. † About. com US Liberal Politics. 12 Mar. 2013. http://usliberals. about. com/od/deathpenalty/i/Deat. How to cite Argumentative Against Death Penalty, Essay examples

Network and Security Architecture

Question: Describe about the Network and Security Architecture? Answer: Network security The network securities of the two different areas are control using the firewall and access control list in each router. Here the network analyzer indentify the initial data Security in networking refers to those practices, advancements and/or administrations used to guarantee that security shields was applied suitably to data, which is provides, handled and put away by the State. The network architecture is designed for connect two different WAN through the internet but this two different network has own security mechanism (Bae, 2015). Here the network designer implement one west building structure with many IP phones and another east building structure with a set of IP phones. These two buildings are set as different wide area network (WAN). The router DHCP server which is connected with the data center router (R_DC) and the ISP router (R_ISP), that is shown in the below figure 1. Figure 1: Network Architecture of two WAN connections. (Source: Created by author) Detail Network security in WAN Here the analyzer listed the entire information of two wide area network implementation in the above figure 1 it shown as west building and east building. The programmer use firewall and access control list in both section to restrict the unauthorized access. The router of west building filters all ICPM request come via the east-building router (Nogueira, Silva, Santos Pujolle, 2012). These two router is connected to the data center which also filter all packet using its routing table information. After verify a packet the router send this packet to the next hop which is Router(R_ISP) then the DHCP server assign the IP address to the requesting device (Polito, Zaghloul, Chamania Jukan, 2011). Figure 2: IP phone dialing (Source: Created by author) Now, using each router configuration the security methodology is describe in the below. The ACL and the firewall configuration is also mention in this part, which is implementing, in the above figure 1. Confirm that any gadget will not have the capacity to access the web (4.2.2.0/24), because the developer does not have NAT arranged. Presently, arrange NAT on the Data Center switch (Bae, 2015). The ACL was designed as takes after, deny VLAN 40 subnet in WB, deny VLAN 35 subnet in EB (with the exception of switches/administrator portable PC), and allow the various subnets. Here the software engineer did not allow any; license the particular subnets for practice. Shockingly, they did not do some other ACL hone; the developer was going to make an ACL in every building to prove the permit to the administrator tablets to telnet to the switches/switches (Saleh Liang Dong, 2013). Therefore, the programmer use this access control list and firewall configuration to some specific router to prevent the access to others unwanted gadgets. Here every connection is connecting through the serial DTE and copper cable connection at 200000-clock speed. The detail of the connection is given in the fig ure 4. Figure 3: IP phone Receiving (Source: Created by author) Network Security Tools This segment refers to those practices, advancements and administrations used to manage, break down, channel, test and/or control security shields. For instance, firewall innovation gives an instrument through which confirmation, approval, separating and guiding of remote clients to an inner framework can be suited. Regularly the analyzers security toolbox will be included a mix of commercial off-the support items, industry demonstrated free shareware, and Agency created programming instruments. The instruments may be situated on the edge of frameworks or incorporated into the frameworks; and may be sent on either an operational or as required premise. Samples of normal innovations inside of an association's security toolbox incorporate firewall innovation, weakness scanners, and sniffers (Nogueira, Silva, Santos Pujolle, 2012). Figure 4: access list and clock rate (Source: Created by author) Measures The utilization of TCP/IP must use firewall innovation. Every network must test its firewall innovation on an intermittent premise to guarantee consistence with security approaches. Every network must send multi-layered assurance at the Internet door, the system server and the desktop levels to keep the presentation of vindictive code into the framework (Polito, Zaghloul, Chamania Jukan, 2011). Best Practices Inside of the WAN, firewall innovation should to be actualizing to ensure delicate inward data. Every network ought to be able to screen and catch activity at any area inside of their system. Every WAN ought to utilize arrange and have helplessness scanners to test for the vulnerabilities of inward frameworks and of edge resistances, and their adherence to security strategy. Coming about vulnerabilities should be treatment for keep the network safe (Saleh Liang Dong, 2013). Every WAN have to examine all approaching email for presence of malignant code, contain, and annihilate that code. Every WAN area should keep Virus marks current by redesigning infection marks week after week at the very least. References Bae, W. (2015). Designing and verifying a P2P service security protocol in M2M environment. Peer-To-Peer Networking And Applications. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-015-0396-1 Nogueira, M., Silva, H., Santos, A., Pujolle, G. (2012). A Security Management Architecture for Supporting Routing Services on WANETs. IEEE Transactions On Network And Service Management, 9(2), 156-168. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2012.011812.100071 Polito, S., Zaghloul, S., Chamania, M., Jukan, A. (2011). Inter-Domain Path Provisioning with Security Features: Architecture and Signaling Performance. IEEE Transactions On Network And Service Management, 8(3), 219-233. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2011.072611.100047 Saleh, M., Liang Dong,. (2013). Real-Time Scheduling with Security Enhancement for Packet Switched Networks. IEEE Transactions On Network And Service Management, 10(3), 271-285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsm.2013.071813.120299

Scott Joplin Essays - Music, Rags, Ragtime, American Music

Scott Joplin CHOW, BENJAMIN F EXTRA CREDIT In the late 1890's ; a craze for a new kind of music called ragtime swept the country off it's feet. Instant popularity of ragtime increased before the turn of the century. By 1910, the ?ragtime? mania reached its peak in all elements of music: popular dance, theater, and movie music. Scott Joplin was a young black man that mastered and polish this subtle art. Born in Texarkana, Texas on November 29, 1868, Scott became facinated with the piano at an early age and was mentored by a old german teacher that took him in as a pupil. Scott's style of piano playing stress his smooth singing tone and subtle sense of rhythm. Scott has the tendency to turn melodic lines into delicate and but simple notes. Generally all of his pieces share the customary ragtime layout and composition of a pair of contrasting lines, each repeated and followed by the return to the first line, then a new section consisting of two or three repeated lines emerge and is usually subdominant. In Scott's piece the ?Magnetic Rag?. The reappearance of the orginal theme at the close of the piece, shares a shocking likeness to Beethoven's famous reoccuring ?I am Death Theme?. In the ?Magnetic Rag?, the return of the opening theme at the end of the piece creates a rondo-like structure with a scheme ABCDA, with the outer A section and the central C section stands in tonal harmony. This can be compared to his other famous pieces of work ?Maple Leaf Rag? and ?The Entertainer? which all exercise the reappearing theme that shows a tendency to round out by always returning to the home key. ?Magnetic Rag? was the last piece that Scott completed. It was subtitled : syncopation classiques because of his wonderful blend of syncopation on every up-beat and mad-cow improvisations tailored to sound like European dance music that influenced early ragtime.

Answers to More Questions About Usage

Answers to More Questions About Usage Answers to More Questions About Usage Answers to More Questions About Usage By Mark Nichol Confusion about words or phrases with similar connotations or constructions is common; here are several questions from DailyWritingTips.com readers about usage, and my responses. 1. What is the difference between remuneration and emolument? The words have essentially the same meaning – â€Å"compensation or payment† though remuneration also pertains to payment by a customer or client, and emolument also refers to perquisites, or perks (privileges or offers for employees such as one’s own parking space or free use of a fitness center.) 2. I wish to know when and where to use toward or towards, and what is the difference? The words are variations with identical meanings. Towards is British English, though many Americans use it, especially in conversation. Toward is preferable in formal US English. 3. In my country, bottled, aerated drinks like Coca-Cola and Pepsi are called â€Å"cold drinks† universally. But a sizable community calls them â€Å"cool drinks.† How do I convince and let them know the difference between cool and cold? Also, many people use the term action in place of acting when it comes to describing someone’s performance in a film or a play. â€Å"Cold drink† (and â€Å"cool drink†) may be universal in your country, but there are many terms for carbonated beverages, so I think any effort to try to control usage in this case is futile. As for action used as you describe, English usage evolves, and what may seem like an aberration now will often become standard vocabulary in the future. Even if action never becomes formally acceptable as a synonym for acting, its persistence as a variant is probably inevitable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Among vs. Amongst25 Idioms with Clean

Law in a Business Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law in a Business Context - Essay Example This was then followed by the Occupier's Liability Acts 1984, which set out the duty owed by occupiers towards those who enter their land without permission or unlicensed trespassers (Elliott & Quinn 2003, p.157). However, neither or the Acts provided a deification for the tern ‘occupier’, other than that it would be given the same meaning as under common law. An occupier under common law is a person who has some degree of control to exercise a sufficient degree of control to allow or prevent other people from entering, though they dun have to be a physical occupier not the owner of the premises. The Occupiers Liability Act imposes a â€Å"duty to take such care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable† upon the occupier of a property. With both Occupiers Liability Act’s in place, the Occupiers Law under the Law of Tort covered  injuries suffered by entrants while on the private  land of the  occupier. The introduction  of the 1995 Act that came into effect on 17th July 1995 radically altered the liability of the occupier in a way that more obligations were placed on the side of the occupier to ensure the safety of land users. â€Å"In the 20 years prior to this enactment, the common law was characterised by the courts’ benevolent attitude to persons who entered land without permission and subsequently suffered injury† (Burke & Corbett 2003, p. 95) In the  Supreme Court  case McNamara v.  Electricity Supply  Board (1975), an infant suffered serious injuries from trespassing onto one of the defendant’s sub-stations. The defendants were found liable for not showing the infant a duty to take reasonable care for his safety even though there was a benevolent attitude before this case towards trespassers. The decision of this case was the basis of  the creation  of the Occupiers  Liability Act  1995. Initially, under the traditional common law system, entrants upon a premises were di vided into four categories; that being contractual entrants, invitees, licensees and trespassers. Under the Occupier’s Liability Act 1995, three new categories were created, that being visitors, recreational users and trespassers. In cases where there is more than one occupier, such as a landlord and a tenant, real estate agent or in the case of shared spaces it is usual for liability to be shared but the liability of each party depends on the circumstances of the loss. An estate agency is considered the Occupier for the purposes of both the â€Å"Occupier’s Liability Act 1957† and â€Å"Occupier’s Liability Act 1984.† According to Canadian author Allen Linden, with regards to liability and the term 'occupier', states that "the status of occupier is not dependent on ownership of the premises, but rather is based on control over the premises. A person who has the immediate supervision and control of the premises and the power to admit and exclude th e entry of others is without doubt an occupier. Thus, a  tenant  in possession is an occupier. However, complete or exclusive control is not necessary. An auctioneer hired to conduct a sale on the vendor's premises may be considered an occupier of those premises. An independent contractor carrying out building or repair work may qualify as an occupier. Moreover, it has become apparent that in many circumstances there may be more than one occupier of premises." Therefore, an estate agent is also deemed to be an occupier because the estate

Jpmorgan income&growth PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Jpmorgan income&growth PLC - Essay Example The professors further theorized about the market value a any given firm being determined by not only the earning power of the given firm, but also by the risk associated to he underlying assets of the firm with the firms value being independent of the way it chooses to finance its investment or the distribution of the dividends. The capital structure theorists who are perceived to be orthodox are mainly divided into two different groups with the fundamentalists like Modigliani and Miller making arguments bout the world approaching perfection very much closely with the imperfections which might be offsetting to a great extent which consequently makes gearing not to matter in the real sense. Amongst the scholars classified as the revisionists include finance text authors who are famous for writing for a wide group of audience for whom theoretical ingenuity may in real terms not imply to the highest value but instead make attempts towards accommodating, though, within the confines of o rthodoxy in what is described as the stark difference between Modigliani and Millers both theoretical analysis and empirical observations as regards to the importance that has been based on a firms capital structure not only by the firm itself, but by also the investors (Findlay and Williams, 1985). It is therefore evident that what they are in real sense arguing about is the importance of imperfections which further which further attributes to the reason making gearing very important hence they play quite a critical role in making us understand why different firms make the gearing decisions the way they do. This study will therefore critically analyze both the fundamentalist and revisionist positions. The Modigliani and Miller argument is mainly founded on the following basic assumptions; That there is absence of taxes, the absence of the costs of transactions, that there are no costs of bankruptcy, that there exists equivalence in the costs of borrowing not only for the companies, but also the investors, that there exists symmetry in the flow of market information as regards to both the companies and investors being in know how with the given information (Edwards, 1987). Lastly, the theory is based on the assumption that there exists no significant effect as regards the effect of debt on the earnings of the company before interest and taxes (Findlay and Williams, 1985). It must however be noted that the reality existent in the real world is that there are taxes, costs of bankruptcy, the costs of transactions, existence of various differences in not only the costs of borrowing, but also the asymmetries in the flow of information and the effects debts has on earnings. Thus, to gain a better understanding of the failures of Modigliani and Miller (MM) economic models of gearing, we will first briefly look at both prepositions. Modigliani and Miller’s Capital-structure Irrelevance proposition The capital structure irrelevance proposition propagated by Modi gliani and Miller makes assumptions of the lack of both taxes and the costs of bankruptcy. According to the proposition, they argue that the weighted cost of capital of any given company remains constant in disregard to the numerous changes in the structure of any firm’s capital structure. A good example would the rate of borrowing of a given firm which would result in no tax benefits resulting from payments of interest hence resulting to no changes or benefits as regards the companies weighted average cost of

Self-Representation of Native Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-Representation of Native Americans - Essay Example Current conceptions and representations of Native American culture sometimes suppose they are lazy, casino owning alcoholics who ignorantly refuse to assimilate into modern society. One artist of the 19th century attempted to re-categorize the representations of Native Americans, George Caitlin. In his works, one sees an obvious and intentional desire to portray Native Americans as noble and civilized, some works going as far as to suggest that it is European civilization that is the problem as it is a corrupting and destructive influence on the indigenous populations of the Americas. Self-representation of oppressed and minority populations has proven an effective way to create a voice in the public discourse and to question the validity of particular suppositions which underlie the dominant paradigms of understanding. Unfortunately, there has been limited access to Native American self-representations in the public space until very recently. An exhibition of a rare sketchbook, A Kiowa's Odyssey, is traveling around the country showing the drawings of an autodidact, Etahdleuh Doanmoe, whose sketches depict the capture and relocation of 72 Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne and members of other tribes from Fort Sill, Oklahoma to St. Augustine, Florida. Though these Doanmoe sketches lack the formal compositional techniques of Caitlin's oeuvre the contrast between representation and self-representation of Native American populations is well manifested in the juxtaposition of these two bodies of work. This paper will focus on the context and intention as embodied by and thro ugh the sketches and paintings. The drawings that appear in the Sketchbook of Doanmoe were originally collected by Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt, a strong advocate of Indian assimilation and the founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania.1 Pratt believed that the Indians needed to reject their primitive ways and become educated in Western language, manners, and religion. To this end after capturing Doanmoe and some 70 other Native Americans he marched them 1,000 miles from Fort Sill in Oklahoma to Fort Marion where they received "training" for three years. The sketchbook catalogued the events that took place there, and their titles once assembled were type-written on the top by Pratt himself.2 One feature of the sketches that is immediately noticeable is the unusual perspective that Doanmoe utilizes, namely a rather panoramic perspective as illustrated in his Prisoners Entering Fort Sill.3 This perspective intimates a fundamental disconnect with the subject matter. This fundament disconnection lies in stark contrast to many of the paintings of George Caitlin. Caitlin painted over 35 portraits of tribal chiefs and most of them such as Shonkakihega, Horse Chief, Grand Pawnee Head Chief 4have a very close and intensely intimate impression, with the subject dominating a rather contrived background that only serves to highlight and foreground the features of the subject as the colors in the background seem only chosen to compliment the various colors used for the subject. Caitlin was determined to attach a sense of nobility and austerity to the indigenous subjects of his works. This distinction in perspective reveals something about the relative positions of the two artists

Implementing An Effective Food Safety Management System Management Essay

Implementing An Effective Food Safety Management System Management Essay Regarding to the research hypothesis, the researcher concluded that there are two main critical factors were revealed through the data analysis that not only were considered as the most important factors in implementing an effective Food Safety Management System (ISO 22000), but also proved to be the most influential factors in the optimization of the degree of the effectiveness of FSMS (ISO 22000) for implementation in Egyptian food processing company. The management responsibility with regard to enhance communication between stuff, update FSMS, motivate stuff members and allocate resources for effective FSMS implementations and planning for realization of safe products implementation such as identifying potential hazards, update and review HACCP plan and planning for meeting FSMS requirements have a major and important impact on increasing the effective implementation of FSMS (ISO 22000). Regarding to availability of uncomplicated documentation and general managerial procedures requirements beside good resources management have a good impact on effective implementation of FSMS (ISO 22000). In other words, in order for the food companies to effectively implement FSMS system they should focus their efforts to strengthen their internal documentation system, management responsibility, resources management and planning and realization of safe products for enhancing improvement and effective implementation of FSMS (ISO22000). As a final conclusion, the food safety quality management system should be reviewed, evaluated and updated regularly to improve its effectiveness. An effective planning for producing a safe food product will participate in achieving a positive progress trend in FSMS effectiveness implementation. The researcher believes that HACCP planning has a big influence on the success of the effective implementation of a food safety quality management system in any food manufacturing organization, training courses, inductions and seminars should be regularly conducted for all levels of personnel to enhance their awareness of the importance of the food quality management system. 6.2 Recommendations for Future Work It is recommended to expand the scope of study to cover other sectors in the company food chain not only food manufacturing but also suppliers, warehouses, export and end user or any other sector, to have an overall evaluation of the food safety quality management system implemented in Dreem Company. This overall evaluation will help maintain and improve the food safety quality management system to be able to cope with the future developments and strengthen the ability of Dreem Company to produce safe products and compete in both local and international markets. 6.3 Limitations However, this study suffers from some limitations, which need corrective actions to help the system to be more effective, this limitation can be summarized as follows: Concerning sample size Due to the small sample size, these results cannot be generalized to the entire Egyptian food industry. Further work must incorporate a larger sample size and many companies interested in the field of food processing. Concerning Documentation and General Requirements 1. It can be noticed that there is a lot of paper work and documents that are used in monitoring FSMS, that consider being a hindrance of the constraints the application system effectively, redesign documentation system and eliminating all non value added paper work will support implementing FSMS effectively. 2. Documentation system needed to be updated periodically according to continuous updating of FSMS and to meet system and company modern applications. 3. Additional awareness and efforts is required to inform staff member with the importance of documents in monitoring FSMS and involve staff member in establishing documents that fit with the purpose of use. 4. Hazards that might affect products and food safety needed to be more defined and addressed in different functions to generate sharp focus considering potential hazards, only production, quality control and quality assurance functions have posted and addressed visual aids clarify hazards might affect the product, hazards that might affect Food Safety should be addressed in other functions like warehouses maintenance and logistics 5. It can be noticed that there is a lake of proper systems to drive the consistent implementation of the policy, since not all staff and employees understand the company policy and strategy of the company to achieve desired levels of food safety, awareness and inductions especially to the new comers or new entry employees needed to highlight policy and strategy. Concerning Management Responsibility 1. Top management should counter about motivating employee and inspiring them, high number of the staff feeling that top management focused only on quantities rather that quality, so employees and stuff needed to be motivated by top management and to align both of focusing on quantities with focus on product quality 2. Lack of defining responsibilities and authorities inter company, researcher noticed that many employees are not aware by the authority and responsibilities of middle management staff and team leaders and how the responsibility and authority can be used effectively in effective implementation of FSMS and overcome different potential obstacles, top management should prepare appropriate job descriptions and well defined rules for different employees in FSMS applications 3. Communication between top management and staff members should be developed to know the problems and listening to their suggestions for solving and removing obstacles that impede effective implementation of FSMS 4. At the same time top management should inform staff member with modification and updates in regulatory and statutory in regular manner through meeting with function headers and food safety team members. Concerning Resources Management 1. The researcher concluded that financial and physical resources should be ad equated provided to improve the effective implementation of FSMS, facilities and materials that enhance hygiene and GMPs should be available and provided in timely manner for different areas. 2. It is noticed that a lot of number of new employers are coming from different cultures and they have not previous experience about how to handle food products, hygiene requirements, GMPs and food manufacturing instructions, continuous inductions, awareness and training should be delivered to new comer employees and current employees 3. Level of current competences for staff members should be reviewed regularly to evaluate different training needs for staff member that enhance effective implementations of FSMS. Concerning Planning and realization for safe products 1. The researcher found that PRPs must gain more attention to be an effective tool in improving FSMS applications, procedures should be established to ensure the effectiveness of PRPs implementations and allocated resources for implementing PRPs programs. 2. To improve quality control level visual aids should be addressed and posted to communicate and inform staff members with quality parameters levels. Also to provide training for labors and quality control observers with the recent modification in FSMS and updated quality control parameters for different products. 3. Evaluating and monitoring CCPs results should be announced to staff member to participate in solving and remove potential hazards that might affect the products. 4. Corrective actions should be reviewed in timely regular manner. Remove all obstacles that might hinder follow up and implementation of corrective actions that researcher found that many corrective actions still opened and needed for effective actions to close them. Concerning Improve Food Safety Management System 1. It can be noticed that there is a lake of implementing evaluation and measurement for FSMS implementations before and after improvements or corrective actions to view the progress of applications. Analysis of performance is applied but not on wide scale in FSMS 2. Researcher found that there is shortage in validation of the effectiveness of implementing FSMS during regular period of times. Many methods and applications of FSMS needed to be verificated and validated, also all assignable root causes should be removed. 3. The FSMS could be more effective if the findings for internal and external audits are gained more attention for implementations and validations. References References: Adams, C.E. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO 9000 and HACCP systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Food and Drug Law Journal., Vol. 49, pp. 603-7. Adams, C. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP applications in the foodservice industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of the Association of Food and Drug Officials, Vol. 94 No. 4, pp. 22-5. Al-Nakeeb, A., Williams, T., Hibberd, P. and Gronow, S. (1998),  ¿Ã‚ ½Measuring the effectiveness of quality assurance systems in the construction industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Property Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 222-8. American Society for Quality (ASQ), Food Safety- A Quality Management Systems Approach, Quarterly Quality Report, June 2007. Armistead, C.,Pritchard, J.P. and Machin, S. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Strategic business process management for organisational effectiveness ¿Ã‚ ½, Long Range Planning, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 96-106. Bauman, H.E. (1994), The origin of the HACCP systems and subsequent evaluation, Food Science and Technology Today. Vol.8, pp,66-72. Bennet, W.L. and Steed, L.L. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½An integrated approach to food safety ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Progress,February, pp. 37-42. Bertolini, M., Rizzi, A. and Bevilacqua, M. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½An alternative approach to HACCP system implementation ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 79 No. 4, pp. 1322-8. Bhuiyan, N. and Alam, N. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½An investigation into issues related to the latest version of ISO 9000 ¿Ã‚ ½, Total Quality Management Business Excellence, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 199-213. Birkenstock, J. (1999), Why ISO 9000?, Quality Resource Center, Sacramento, CA, available at: www.qrccentral.com/whyiso.htm Bauman, H. E. (1974). The HACCP concept and microbiological hazard categories. Food Technology, 28(9), 30 ¿Ã‚ ½32. Bauman, H. E. (1994). The origin of the HACCP systems and subsequent evaluation , Food Science and Technology Today, Vol, 8,pp.66-72 Cianfrani, A., Tsiakalas, J. and West, E. (2002), The ASQ ISO 9000:2000 Handbook, Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Proposed draft revised guidelines for the application of the HACCP system in small and/or less developed businesses (SLDBs) ¿Ã‚ ½, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, Report of the 34th Session, Agenta Item 10, CX/FH 01/10, CAC, Rome. Codex (2003), Codex Standard for Fermented Milks, Codex STAN 243-2003, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome. Davenport, T.H. 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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO ), World Health Organization (WHO), (2003), Assuring food safety and quality: guidelines for strengthening national food control systems. Rome Food Standard Agency (2007),Food safety management evaluation Research, Report available at www.jigsaw-research.co.uk. GFSI (2007), What is ISO 22000?,), Technical Committee position paper, September, available at: www.globalfoodsafety.com Gilling, S.J., Taylor, E.A., Kane, K. and Taylor, J.Z. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Successful hazard analysis critical control point implementation in the United Kingdom: understanding the barriers through the use of a behavioural adherence model ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 64 No. 5, pp. 710-5. Gorris, L.G.M. (2005 ),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objective: an integral part of food chain management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 801-9. Griffith, C. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety in catering establishments35 ¿Ã‚ ½, in Farber, J.M. and Todd, E.C. (Eds), Safe Handling of Foods, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 235-56. Hammer, M. (2002),  ¿Ã‚ ½Process management and the future of Six Sigma ¿Ã‚ ½, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 26-32. Hunter, Laura and Erin Leahey. 2008. Collaborative Research in Sociology: Trends and Contributing Factors. American Sociologist 39:290 ¿Ã‚ ½306 Joee, C. (2008), The ISO 22000 standard procedures for a food safety management system, a guide to creating a food safety management system for any organization in the supply chain, Bizmanulaz Inc, 2008. Little, C.L., Lock,D., Barnes,J., and Mitchell, R.T. (2002), Microbiological quality of take-away cooked rice and chicken sandwiches: effective of good hygiene training of the management , Communicable Disease and Puplic Health, Vol. 11, pp. 154-7. Little, C.L., Lock,D., Barnes,J., and Mitchell, R.T. (2003), Microbiological quality of food in relation to hazard analysis systems and food hygiene training of the management, Communicable Disease and Puplic Health, Vol. 6, pp. 250-8. Luning, P. and Marcelis, W. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½A conceptual model of food quality management functions based on a techno-managerial approach ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 159-66. Luning, P., Bango, L., Kussaga, J., Rovira, J. and Marcelis, W. (2008),  ¿Ã‚ ½Comprehensive analysis and differentiated assessment of food safety control systems: a diagnostic instrument ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 19 No. 10, pp. 522-34. Manning, L. and Baines, R. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Effective management of food safety and quality ¿Ã‚ ½, British Food Journal, Vol. 106 No. 8, pp. 598-606. Mayes, T. (1993),  ¿Ã‚ ½The application of management systems to food safety and quality ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 4, July, pp. 216-19. Mehta, S. and Wilcock, A. (1996),  ¿Ã‚ ½Quality system standards in the Canadian food and beverage industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Management Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 72-93. Mehrdad, T. (2007) New food safety management systems; ISO 22000 Global food safety initiative system, available at www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu Minitab Statistical Software (2006), Release15 for Windows, Pennsylvania, Minitab Inc. Mortimore, S. and Wallace, C. (1996), HACCP: A Practical Approach, Chapman Hall, London. Mossel,D.A.A., Corry,J.E.L., Struijk,C.B. and Baird,R.M. (1995), Essential of the Microbiology of foods:A text book for advanced studies, John Willy Sons, Chichester. National Food Processors Association (1992),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP and total quality management  ¿Ã‚ ½ winning concepts for the 1990s: a review ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 55 No. 6, pp. 459-62. Newslow, D. (1997),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP/ISO 9000: commonalities and distinctions ¿Ã‚ ½, Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 17, pp. 156-61. Oakland, J. (1995), Total Quality Management  ¿Ã‚ ½ Text with Cases, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann Professional Publishing, Oxford. Pallett, A.J.M. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO 9000: the company ¿Ã‚ ½s viewpoint ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Technology, December, pp. 60-2. Panagiotis, C. (2009), Standardized food safety management  ¿Ã‚ ½the case of industrial yoghurt, British Food Journal, Vol. 111 No. 9, 2009, pp. 897-914 Panisello, P. and Quantick, P. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Technical barriers to Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 165-73. Panisello, P., Quantick, P. and Knowles, M. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Towards the implementation of HACCP: results of a UK regional survey ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 87-98. Philippa, S.(2008), ISO22000 food safety management system and their related requirements, Six World Congress on Sea Food Safety, Quality and Trade,Standard Australia, 14-16 September., Redshaw, B. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½Evaluating organisational effectiveness ¿Ã‚ ½, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 245-8. Roberto, C.D., Brandao, S.C.C. and da Silva, C.A.B. (2006),  ¿Ã‚ ½Costs and investments of implement ting and maintaining HACCP in a pasteurized milk plant ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 17 No. 8, pp. 599-603. Satin, M. (Ed.) (2002), Quality Enhancement in Food Processing Through HACCP, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo. Stringer, M.F. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½Safety and quality management through HACCP and ISO 9000 ¿Ã‚ ½, Dairy Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 14 No. 8, pp. 428-81. Stringer, M. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objectives-role in microbiological food safety management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control Journal, Vol. 16, pp. 775-794. Strohbehn, C., Gilmore, S. and Sneed, J. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety practices and HACCP implementation: perceptions of registered dieticians and dietary managers ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 104 No. 11, pp. 1692-9. Surak, J.G. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Quality in commercial food processing ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Progress, February, pp. 25-9. Surak, J.G. and Simpson, K. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½Using ISO 9000 standards as a quality framework ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Technology, December, pp. 63-4. Suttiprasit, P. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½Innovative integration of food safety standards using current process model (CPM) approach ¿Ã‚ ½ Technology Promotion Association Journal, Part 1: No. 41 and Part 2-4: Nos. 43-45. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15).-SPSS Inc. Stringer, M. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objectives  ¿Ã‚ ½ role in microbiological food safety management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 775-94. Taylor, E. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP in small companies, benefit or burden ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 217-22. Taylor, E. and Kane, K. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½Reducing the burden of HACCP in SMEs ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 10, pp. 833-9. Taylor, E. and Taylor, J. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Using qualitative psychology to investigate HACCP implementation barriers ¿Ã‚ ½, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 14 No. Untermann, F. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety management and misinterpretation of HACCP ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 161-7. Vela, R. and Fernandez, M. (2003),  ¿Ã‚ ½Barriers for the developing and implementation of HACCP plans: results from a Spanish regional survey ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 333-7. Walker, E., Pritchard, C. and Forsythe, S. (2003),  ¿Ã‚ ½Hazard analysis critical control point and prerequisite programme implementation in small and medium size food businesses ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 169-74. Ward, G. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP: heaven or hell for the food industry? ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality World, March, pp. 12 15. Wasik, R. (1994a),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO programs ¿Ã‚ ½, Food in Canada, April, p. 61. Wasik, R. 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Mixed :: Personal Narrative Racial Papers

Mixed "Did your real mom die or something?" The boy with the snot-streaked face asked me on the playground, next to the jungle gym. He wore a striped blue shirt open at the neck and his eyes were so dark I couldn't see his pupils. "W-what do you mean?" I stared hard at him, my voice already taking on a defensive edge. I gripped the edge of my red corduroy jumper with my grubby hands. "I mean, what happened to your real mom? The one that's not a gaijin." Then I understood. Gaijin. Foreigner. I looked down at my clenched hands, too dirty to rub my face with if I started to cry. The boy wasn't trying to be mean, he was just curious. But I was sick of it-the teasing, the questioning, the staring. When I hit him hard in the face, he looked more stunned than hurt, his eyes so wide open that I could see white all around the iris. Back in those days, I told many stories about myself. One of them was about why my eyes were golden-greenish-brown and not dark brown due to an illness I'd had. Another was about how I dyed my hair to make it reddish-brown instead of black. The most absurd one was about how my mom really was Japanese, but had lived in America all her life and that's why she looked white. Most of them made no sense. I don't know if the kids ever believed me. No matter how many lies I told about myself, I knew deep down that I could never imagine away who I was. I would always be "Half," not whole. In Japan, people would identify me as "haaf"-the Japanese bastardization of the English word, "half"-used to connote someone of mixed race. My dad would get angry again and again when strangers tried to touch my hair when we went out in Tokyo. And my mom would be asked, "where did she adopt those adorable Vietnamese children?" every time she brought my brother and me back to the States to see my grandma in Florida. Most of my memories of growing up in Japan can be divided into two groups-my interactions with adults and those with children. Having grown up in a house with five adults until I was 5-years old, I naturally preferred the company of older people.